Participants are being asked to take part in this clinical trial, a type of research study, because the participants have a Wilms Tumor cancer.

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Primary Objectives

To determine whether delivery of proton beam radiation to a conformal reduced target volume in the flank allows normal flank growth compared to the contralateral untreated side and non-irradiated patients.

Secondary Objectives

To deliver proton beam radiation to a conformal reduced target volume (partial kidney proton beam radiation therapy) in the affected kidney(s) for patients with Stage V (bilateral Wilms tumor) and specific involved surgical margins yielding no reduction in the high control rates seen with more traditional flank / whole kidney fields.

Exploratory Objectives

• Study the feasibility of sparing the residual kidney, spine and liver in patients requiring whole abdomen radiation therapy using either a proton beam treatment technique or intensity-modulated radiation therapy ( IMRT) photon based technique.
• Study the feasibility of delivering whole lung radiation therapy with proton beams with the goals of sparing the developing breast tissue, heart structures, thyroid and liver.
• Develop simultaneous xenografts and organoid models from the same starting material to study Wilms tumor biology and compare responses to chemotherapeutic agents.
• Define the evolution of organ specific (kidney, liver, pancreas, etc.) abnormalities (laboratory studies) as an early marker of possible late end organ damage and their relationship to radiation.
• Study and evaluate impact of proton therapy on the musculoskeletal system and physical performance and compare with photon therapy cases treated with classical treatment fields.
• Assess CTC-AE and Pediatric Patient Reported Outcomes during radiation and in follow-up, correlating with disease, treatment and patient variables.
• Correlate quantitative MRI values, including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, with histopathology findings post-surgery in children with (bilateral) Wilms.
• Assess daily variations in proton range along each treatment beam using standard pre-treatment cone beam CT or on-treatment MR.

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